пятница, 20 сентября 2013 г.

Green Coffee Bean extract makes weight loss diet more effective


Supplementation with an extract made from unroasted coffee beans – Green Coffee Bean Extract as it’s called – can help overweight people who are on a diet to lose extra weight. Researchers at the University of Scranton write about this in a human study, published in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Sounds good, but we don’t entirely trust the research.
Supplementation with an extract made from unroasted coffee beans – Green Coffee Bean Extract as it’s called – can help overweight people who are on a diet to lose extra weight. Researchers at the University of Scranton write about this in a human study, published in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity. Sounds good, but we don’t entirely trust the research.
Coffee beans are bursting with chlorogenic acid analogues. Chlorogenic acid is created by adding caffeic acid to quinic acid.
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Green coffee beans contain a number of chlorogenic acid analogues. When coffee is roasted lots of these analogues are lost. Nevertheless big coffee drinkers can ingest up to a gram or more of chlorogenic acid analogues daily.
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Extracts containing chlorogenic acid analogues have been on the market for years. They are found in diet products. One of these extracts is GCA, made by Applied Food Sciences. It consists of 46 percent chlorogenic acid analogues and 2-4 percent caffeine.
Although there’s no mention in the publication, the study that has appeared in Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity was funded by Applied Food Sciences. The research was carried out in India.
Sixteen fairly overweight people aged between 22 and 46 participated in the 22-week-long study. This consisted of three six-week phases, in which the subjects were given a placebo [PL], 700 mg Green Coffee Bean Extract [LD], or 1050 mg Green Coffee Bean Extract [HD] daily. During each phase there was a wash-out period of two weeks during which the subjects took nothing [WO].
The figure below shows that during the phases when the subjects took a placebo little or nothing happened. During the phases that the subjects took Green Coffee Bean Extract they lost weight.
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After one six-week placebo treatment, one six-week period of taking 700 mg Green Coffee Bean Extract, one six-week period of taking 1050 mg Green Coffee Bean Extract and two two-week wash-out periods the subjects lost 8.1 kg in bodyweight.
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An eight-kilogram weight loss – about 5.3 kg fat and 2.8 kg lean body mass – in 22 weeks is a pretty impressive result. A bit too good, for a supplement. But after bit of googling we discovered that the results were not due to supplementation alone.
During the study the subjects ate 2400 kcal per day. It’s not mentioned in the study but the subjects also burned more than 400 kcal per day through exercise. Dietician Diane Kress reports this in her blog, quoting the lead author of the study, Joe Vinson. [thewhistleblog.blogspot.com/2012/07]
“Please note that 2400 calories/day with a 400 calorie exercise burn is not a typical intake for an obese adult”, Kress writes. “A 2400 calorie dietary intake with 400 calories of exercise burn is typically a weight loss diet for an obese adult.”

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, linear dose, crossover study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a green coffee bean extract in overweight subjects.

Vinson JA, Burnham BR, Nagendran MV.
Source
Chemistry Department, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Adult weight gain and obesity have become worldwide problems. Issues of cost and potential side effects of prescription weight loss drugs have led overweight and obese adults to try nutraceuticals that may aid weight loss. One promising nutraceutical is green coffee extract, which contains high concentrations of chlorogenic acids that are known to have health benefits and to influence glucose and fat metabolism. A 22-week crossover study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of a commercial green coffee extract product GCA™ at reducing weight and body mass in 16 overweight adults.
METHODS:
Subjects received high-dose GCA (1050 mg), low-dose GCA (700 mg), or placebo in separate six-week treatment periods followed by two-week washout periods to reduce any influence of preceding treatment. Treatments were counterbalanced between subjects. Primary measurements were body weight, body mass index, and percent body fat. Heart rate and blood pressure were also measured.
RESULTS:
Significant reductions were observed in body weight (-8.04 ± 2.31 kg), body mass index (-2.92 ± 0.85 kg/m(2)), and percent body fat (-4.44% ± 2.00%), as well as a small decrease in heart rate (-2.56 ± 2.85 beats per minute), but with no significant changes to diet over the course of the study. Importantly, the decreases occurred when subjects were taking GCA. Body mass index for six subjects shifted from preobesity to the normal weight range (<25.00 kg/m(2)).
CONCLUSION:
The results are consistent with human and animal studies and a meta-analysis of the efficacy of green coffee extract in weight loss. The results suggest that GCA may be an effective nutraceutical in reducing weight in preobese adults, and may be an inexpensive means of preventing obesity in overweight adults.
KEYWORDS:
blood pressure, body fat mass, body mass index, chlorogenic acid, green coffee bean extract, heart rate, weight loss
PMID: 22291473 [PubMed] PMCID: PMC3267522

Vitamin D3 boosts anabolic effect of leucine


Adding the amino acid leucine to protein-rich meals is perhaps the most effective supplementation strategy for strength athletes seeking to speed up muscle growth. Researchers at Clermont Universite in France have discovered that the higher the concentration of vitamin D3 in the blood, the greater the anabolic effect of leucine.
Adding the amino acid leucine to protein-rich meals is perhaps the most effective supplementation strategy for strength athletes seeking to speed up muscle growth. Researchers at Clermont Universite in France have discovered that the higher the concentration of vitamin D3 in the blood, the greater the anabolic effect of leucine.
The researchers exposed C2C12 muscle cells in test tubes to leucine, insulin and varying concentrations of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, which also goes by the name of calcitriol. This is the active form of vitamin D.
The researchers also added labelled valine to the test tubes, so they could see whether the muscle cells built the valine into their protein structures. This enabled them to measure the anabolic effect of the leucine-insulin cocktail. The more 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 there was in the test tubes, the greater the anabolic effect.
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When the researchers looked closely at the production and activity of anabolic signal proteins, they noticed that 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 made the insulin receptor more sensitive. The greater the concentration of 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, the greater the activity of anabolic signal proteins such as Akt, GSK3, p70-S6K and 4EBP1.
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The figures above reveal the way in which 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 gets the muscle cell’s anabolic machinery to work harder. Vitamin D3 induces muscle cells to manufacture more insulin receptors.
At the same time the muscle cells also produce more vitamin-D receptors as a result of exposure to 1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, an effect that other researchers had already observed. [Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Jun;39(2):255-69.]
“The transcriptional induction of these genes as well as a potentiation of the insulin and leucine action on key related proteins is likely one of the central mechanisms of action of vitamin D on skeletal muscle anabolism”, the researchers write. “Overall, our data open up perspectives for potentially valuable nutritional interventions coupling vitamin D and amino acid supplementation, mainly in situations like sarcopenia where vitamin D and amino acid response is deficient, to support muscle fiber protein synthesis.”
The research was funded by Danone.

1,25(OH)2 -vitamin D3 enhances the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin on protein synthesis rate through Akt/PKB and mTOR mediated pathways in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes.

Salles J, Chanet A, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Pierre P, Jourdan M, Luiking YC, Verlaan S, Migné C, Boirie Y, Walrand S.
Source
Clermont Université, Université d’Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Abstract
SCOPE:
In recent years, there has been a growing body of evidence pointing to an effect of vitamin D on muscle mass and function. Our aim was to investigate the combined effect of 1,25(OH)2 -vitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2 D3 ) with anabolic factors insulin and leucine on protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and regulation in the mouse C2C12 myotube.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
After differentiation, myotubes were cultured in 1,25(OH)2 D3 solutions at 0, 1, or 10 nM for 72 h. Cells were treated by l-[1-13 C]valine and puromycin in presence or not of leucine and insulin, and protein FSR was determined by measuring tracer enrichments and puromycin incorporation in proteins, respectively. Protein expression and phosphorylation state of insulin receptor (IR), Akt, GSK3, mTOR, p70 S6 kinase, rpS6, and 4EBP1 were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of IR and 1,25(OH)2 D3 receptor (VDR) were determined by qPCR. 1,25(OH)2 D3 (10 nM) with leucine and insulin increased protein FSR in C2C12 myotubes (14-16%). IR and VDR mRNA expression was increased with 1,25(OH)2 D3 treatment. The Akt/mTOR-dependent pathway was activated by insulin and leucine and further enhanced by 1,25(OH)2 D3.
CONCLUSION:
1,25(OH)2 D3 sensitizes the Akt/mTOR-dependant pathway to the stimulating effect of leucine and insulin, resulting in a further activation of protein synthesis in murine C2C12 skeletal myotubes.
© 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
KEYWORDS:
1,25(OH)2-vitamin D3, Akt/mTOR pathway, C2C12 myotubes, Protein synthesis rate, Skeletal muscle
PMID: 23929734 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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