The Doping Studies Timeline
By Andrew Richardson
This is a short article looking at the Doping Study Timeline. The information was obtained from IPF Magazine pages 48-54 Issue 10(2015) and NADA Germany, Prof. Dr. Dirk Clasing (Doping and list agents 2003), Wikipedia, WADA, Peter Konopka (Sports Nutrition, 2002).
1970’s: Study from the UDSSR
- A secret document from the Soviet Union publicised in 2000, proves the existence of government-sponsored studies from the early 1970’s on the effects of anabolic steroids Dianabol and Retaboil/Decaburabolin) on various morphological, biomechanical and physiological variables of athletes and athletic performance in various sports. The athletic performance increased, regeneration was accelerated and appetite increased. A positive mood led to the desire to exercise more. There were also detailed recommendations for steroid use in various sports.
1984: Study from America
- 1984 NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) together with the Human Medicine at the Michigan State University published a survey called “The Substance Use and Abuse Habits of College Student-Athletes”. 2039 sports people took part in the evaluation. Here are some of the results:
Use of in the past 12 months;
Amphetamines 8% of respondents
61% took if for private or social reasons
37% took it to improve athletic performance
Anabolic Steroids 9% American Football Players
4% Athletes, Tennis players, Basketball Players
Marijuana or Hashish 36%
Cocaine 17%
Barbiturates or Tranquilizers 2%
28% took it due to injuries
8% took it to improve athletic performance
Greater consumption of Alcohol 37% (more than 3-5 drinks, 2-5 times a week.
1987: Study from America
- The first study in the USA was conducted on the use of anabolic steroids. 6.6% of male high school visitors had experience with one or more of these agents. 38% had started taking it before the age of 16. Numerous other studies found that 4-12% of male high school visitors had an experience with anabolic steroids during their lifetime.
1988: Study from Italy
- Survey done in 1988 on Italian athletes by the Italian Olympic Committee and the National Health Council regarding their doping knowledge and doping habits. 1015 athletes (690 male, 325 female) and 216 caregivers, doctors and managers were interviewed. 30% of athletes, coaches and managers and 21% of physicians said that performance could be improved by prohibited substances or practices. 27% of the athletes reported occasional use of amphetamines. 26% took anabolic steroids and 25% of autologous blood transfusions. The reasons for the abuse that was mentioned; 63% win in competition, 9% improve performance, 6% pain reduction and 6% prompted by trainer. The vast majority of athletes demanded strict doping controls not only in comp but also in training.
1993/94: Study from Germany
- In Hanover, Germany 1993/1994 a total of 97 students (53 girls, 44 Boys) between the ages of 15-19 and 19 teachers were asked about strategies to improve performance. On the subject of doping 57% knew of the prohibited substance groups. However, none of them had their own experience with drugs. Almost all students rejected the manipulation of physical performance by doping from a substance. Half of the young people had known such agents could be obtained if the need for such arose.
1994: Study from Switzerland
- The doping laboratory in Lausanne conducted a student survey in 1994. As part of a health survey 5 500 students between the ages of 11-16 were surveyed regarding their opinion on the efficacy of drugs, their knowledge and the procedure to use of drugs, their knowledge and the procedure to use drugs. The most important message from this study was that they believed the efficacy of doping substances increases strongly from 13-14 years of age. Accurate knowledge about doping remained low however.
1998: Study from Germany
- Recreational athletes from 24 North German fitness centres were asked drug abuse in 1998. 255 in total took part: 204 male, 51 female, 49 men and 4 women were classified as users. The male users (these were further evaluated) took one or more active ingredients such as methandrolstenolone, nandrolone, testosterone, oxandralon, stanozolol, methenolone, HCG, STH, cleanbuterol and others, and also cannabis, coacaine, ecstacy and amphetamines. The intake periods lasted about 7.5 weeks. The procurement was carried out on the black market. In the 15% of cases the anabolic steroids were prescribed by a doctor. The authors suggested that entry into drug abuse was likely after about 2 years of training if no more power progress was observed by the athlete.
1999: Study from Germany
- In 1999 the Emnid Institute Bielefeld Germany, questioned 3085 sporty students. They were aged between, 14-18 on issues regarding doping. 91% were of the opinion that doping ruins sport. 74% felt that the penalties should be harder. 88% thought that professional athletes taking drugs under medical supervision should not be allowed 83% wanted trainers and doctors punished. The regular use of sedatives and sleeping pills was specified by 8% of 12 year olds and 12% of 17 year-olds, while the regular use of excitation and stimulants of 6% of 12 year old and 11% of 17 year olds. Girls were accessing medicines more often than boys. The drug consumption was related to the “stress of school”.
2001: Study from Switzerland
- In 2 population surveys (1998 and 2001) 800 and 1 535 people were interviewed from all linguistic regions of Switzerland. The surveys found that 90% of the respondents felt that doping in sport is a very big or fairly big problem. 57% (1998) and 75% (2001) are for a general ban a doping. 34% (1998) and 19% (2001) are for delivery under medical supervision. 6% (1998) and 4% (2001) are for a release of doping. In general, the majority responded that control measures should be amplified especially prevention and that fair play among young people is encouraged, that there are more checks and that sportsmen testing positive should be punished.
Obviously doping occurred before the 1970’s but there isn’t any studies that go into depth on the use and effects of them.
Hope you liked this brief overview of the Doping Timeline.
Andrew Richardson
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